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Musculoskeletal Medicine

Edited by Joseph Bernstein, MD

Biology Anatomy Disorders Clinical Evaluation Management

References

Inflammation

Barnes PJ, Karin M: Nuclear factor-kappaB: A piv- otal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1066-1071. Benbow U, Brinckerhoff CE: The AP-1 site and MMP gene regulation: What is all…

Key Terms

Inflammation

Arachidonic acid - The substance that is a pre- cursor of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes Chemokines - An agent of the inflammatory process that attracts or recruits cells to the site Cyclooxygenase…

Modification of the Mediators of Inflammation

Inflammation

Endogenous Inhibitors To regulate the inflammatory response, numerous endogenous agents have been em- ployed. IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit cytokine production. PGE2 can either stimulate or inhibit inflammation indirectly. Several other agents…

Mediators of Inflammation

Inflammation

Inflammatory mediators often play important roles in the normal cell, regulating the synthesis and turnover of ECM, for ex- ample. Accordingly, blocking their production can have adverse effects on normal cell physiology. At best, inflammation…

Triggers of Inflammation

Inflammation

Inflammation may be initiated by either en- dogenous or exogenous factors. It can be an acute response to trauma (as in a ligament tear) or a chronic response (as in autoim- mune diseases such as RA). Infection and crystalline deposits…

Immune-Mediated Inflammation

Inflammation

The immune response to an antigen can be classified as humoral (antibody based) or cell mediated. Both processes require lympho- cytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which may be lymphocytes, macrophages, or dendritic cells. Lymphocytes…

Anatomy Plates

Anatomy

The following illustrations are modifications of the anatomy figures in chapter 8. Some of the artistic detail has been eliminated, and a few bold lines have been added. What re- mains, it is hoped, are drawings that embody essential…

Spine

Anatomy, Spine

Bone and Joints The spine is composed of 24 vertebrae that are organized into four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral (Fig. 41). There are seven cervical vertebrae. Two of these are distinctly shaped: C1, the…

Foot and Ankle

Anatomy, Foot and Ankle

Bone and Joints The ankle joint is the articulation of the leg bones (the tibia and fibula) and the talus (the superior-most bone of the foot). This joint is formed as the tibial shaft flares out distally to form the medial malleolus.…

Knee and Leg

Anatomy, Knee and Leg

Bones and Joints There are four bones joined at the knee, al- though no one bone touches all three of the others. The femur from above and the tibia from below articulate to form a joint that approximates a hinge. The patella, a sesamoid…

Hip and Thigh

Anatomy, Hip and Thigh

Bones and Joints The hip joint is the articulation of the femur within the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip spans the pelvis and the proximal femur. The proximal femur contains the femoral head, which is covered with articular cartilage;…

Hand and Wrist

Anatomy, Hand and Wrist

Bone and Joints The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm; they connect the hand to the arm. Proximally, the main articulation is between the ulna and the distal humerus, forming the hinge of the elbow. The radius functions…

Septic Arthritis

Infection

Septic arthritis is infection and inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral invasion of the synovium. Bacterial septic arthritis involves a single joint in 90% of cases. The knee is the most commonly involved joint,…

Infection

Infections of the bones and joints, al- though less common than infections in other parts of the body, are nonetheless significant clinical problems. These infections generally fall into three broad categories: (1) infection of the…

Pathophysiology

Back Pain and Sciatica

Disk Disease Disk herniation is thought to be a major cause of back pain and sciatica. Intervertebral disks consist of an outer ring and a central core. The outer ring, the anulus fibrosus (translated literally as a “fibrous ring”)…

Back Pain and Sciatica

Acute low back pain will affect most adults at least once in their lives, yet nearly all will recover spontaneously, often without a precise diagnosis ever being made. Most back pain is idiopathic, meaning that its exact cause is…

Other Inflammatory Arthritides

Inflammatory Arthritis

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis associated with elevated serum levels of urate (hyperuricemia). Hyperuricemia results from increased production or impaired excretion of uric acid. Acute inflammatory arthritis results when crystals…

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammatory Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) may present as a systemic disease or as one affect- ing only the joints. Approximately 5% to 10% of children with JRA present with systemic signs, including fever, rash, pericarditis, or hepatosplenomegaly.…

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Evaluation

The first step of evaluation is to ensure that the back pain is not a harbinger of a serious medical condition. Thus tumor, infection, fracture, and instability should be excluded. A patient’s medical history often provides enough…

Clinical Presentation

Clinical Evaluation, Physical Examination

History and Physical Examination Patients with back pain can be said to have either mechanical or nonmechanical pain.The key distinction is whether there is pain with activity. Many patients with sciatica re- port a sharp pain in…

Latest Press News

Hello world!September 3, 2017 - 5:36 pm

Latest Press Topics

Septic ArthritisApril 20, 2018 - 5:21 pm
InfectionApril 20, 2018 - 4:36 pm
Differential DiagnosisFebruary 26, 2018 - 6:04 pm
Clinical PresentationFebruary 26, 2018 - 5:50 pm
PathophysiologyFebruary 20, 2018 - 5:49 pm

Orthogate Press
Open Educational Resources (OER) for Orthopaedics!

Accessible High-Quality Education

Freely Available Participatory Education

Collaborative Teaching and Learning

Musculoskeletal Medicine

References

Key Terms

Modification of the Mediators of Inflammation

Mediators of Inflammation

Triggers of Inflammation

Immune-Mediated Inflammation

Anatomy Plates

Spine

Foot and Ankle

Knee and Leg

Hip and Thigh

Hand and Wrist

Septic Arthritis

Infection

Pathophysiology

Back Pain and Sciatica

Other Inflammatory Arthritides

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

About Orthogate Press

Latest Press News

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Orthogate PressOpen Educational Resources (OER) for Orthopaedics!

Musculoskeletal Medicine

About Orthogate Press

Latest Press News

Latest Press Topics

Orthogate Press
Open Educational Resources (OER) for Orthopaedics!